Wednesday, January 21, 2009

MacBook Air: Apple’s latest laptop


The laptop took a new meaning with the newest invention of Apple. It is so thin it fits in a regular manila envelope.

In a speech in front of about 4000 attendees to MacWorld conference (San Francisco), Steve Jobs showed the latest model of laptops: MacBook Air.

With the theatrical style that characterizes him, Steve Jobs took out a regular manila envelope, legal size, and removed a real live Macbook Air. Jobs claimed he have made a comparison with all the current thinnest laptops.

The MacBook Air will be available in stores in two weeks and it will cost $1,799. The device has a slightly wedge-shaped profile. It weighs about 3 pounds, and sports a thickness of 0.16-0.76 inches. It’s 12.8 inches wide and 8.95 inches deep. The MacBook Air can get about 5 hours of battery life with wireless networking turned on.

The room service menu in my hotel, the San Francisco Marriott Courtyard, is the size and weight of Apple's new commercial notebook, MacBook Air. MacBook Air, Apple's newest, thinnest, lightest, simplest notebook in Apple history weighs three pounds. It's 3/4s of an inch at the display hinge (closed), sloping down aerodynamically to a much narrower snout. You have to hold it and tumble MacBook Air to experience what a three pound, aerodynamically inspired notebook feels like, because it'll be a first for you. You have to imagine carrying MacBook Air everywhere in a slipcase, being able to whip it out, open it and have it ready for note taking, research, order entry, voice recording, podcasting, writing or what-have-you faster than you can jot your first word with that legal pad and pen in your bag.

Apple got MacBook Air so skinny and light by removing everything that the majority of mainstream commercial users don't use when they're not in the office or at home. There is no wired Ethernet and no FireWire. MacBook Air has just physical I/O ports: USB 2, audio output and micro-DVI (the latter for connecting to a digital, VGA or video monitor). These are all mounted on a tiny panel that flips down from the bottom of the notebook. When the I/O panel is closed, MacBook Air is nothing but smooth, sloped aluminum skin all the way around. There are no lumps or access covers to tip you off to component placement.

Many questions remain that require a full review to answer. My encounter was with a prototype, so I didn't get a chance to experience heat or fan noise. The charger is 45 watts, and the clocked-down chips in smaller packaging is encouraging. I also didn't get to see how far back the display tilts. I did find that the microphone is no to the right of the iSight window, though I don't know if the sound quality is improved. Likewise, I did not audition the speakers. A test left to run is to use this machine with Bluetooth stereo headphones. This works on MacBook Pro, but it's buggy. Does MacBook Air fix it?

MacBook Air's battery is sealed inside. It offers no external indication of its charge state. Apple's battery replacement program for MacBook Air is to drop it at any authorized facility, get it replaced, and get your machine back having been charged for the cost of the battery alone. I wouldn't expect this swap to happen while you wait, and I don't know whether Apple will commit to returning your data intact.

The thin lid encasing the 13.3-inch glossy display is astonishingly rigid. With so little distance between the top of the lid and the surface of the display, I felt sure that it would fail my warp test. I pressed hard on the back of the prototype MacBook Air's lid. It did not flex, and the display's image did not distort. It's my feeling that the shape of MacBook Air's case will make it a tougher travel partner than the typical squarish notebook.There isn't anything to cave in.

MacBook Air is gives you only what you need: A keyboard, a 13.3-inch display, 80 GB hard drive, wireless networking and 2 GB of RAM. The 1.6 GHz Core 2 Duo CPU (1.8 is an option) is clocked slow by modern standards, but it is cooler and more power efficient than the latest Penryn CPUs. Apple claims that MacBook Air's battery will last five hours, with Wi-Fi. If that's true, then it'll run 90 minutes longer than the much heavier MacBook Pro that I carry. The 45-watt charger makes in-flight and in-car charging cheap and easy.

MacBook Air's keyboard is MacBookish in style with widely space keys, but it is full size and backlit. The prototypes weren't lighting properly, so I can't speak to brightness of the lights or the opacity of the keycaps. The trackpad is massive relative to the size of the notebook. If it worked with a stylus, it'd make a fair tablet. The new trackpad supports a subset of iPhone's multi-touch gestures in bundled Leopard applications. In Safari, for example, you can navigate backward and forward among cached pages by sweeping across the trackpad. To enlarge text in the browser, you make a spreading motion with two fingers. In iPhoto, you can scroll, zoom and even rotate images in the thumbnail view with a single trackpad gesture. The gestural vocabulary will undoubtedly expand, and multi-touch will reach into other Apple software. Apple wasn't ready to address giving third-party developers access to multi-touch.

It goes without saying that this notebook isn't for everyone. MacBook Air's chief drawback is the display. Apple chose a sharp, glossy and bright LED-backlit 13.3-inch LCD panel. It looks marvelous, but it has a vertical resolution of 800 pixels. Pages and applications that are (poorly, lazily) designed to just fill a 1024x768 Windows screen have to be scrolled vertically on a Mac's 800 pixel tall display, while the 900 pixel tall screen of a 15-inch MacBook Pro is a perfect fit. The reason for this is a rant for another time.

Apple's usual thin, slot-loading optical drive would have made the case and the battery too thick, so Apple sells a thin, slot-loading, USB-powered external DVD burner for $99 (beautiful, portable and a bargain for any notebook). MacBook Air also comes with Remote Disc software that allows it to use the DVD drive in any PC or Mac on your LAN. Remote Disc completely bypasses the hassles of fire sharing. The shared disc shows up in Finder as a read-only CD/DVD drive. You cannot use Remote Disc to play DVD movies.

Before pointing to performance as a reason to take MacBook Air off your list, keep in mind that its Core 2 Duo CPU enables OS X Leopard's 64-bitness. With 2 GB of RAM, running Windows, Solaris or Linux as a guest OS under Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion is well within its reach. Given MacBook Air's small hard drive, using Boot Camp to dual-boot between OS X and Windows is impractical. With Intel's integrated graphics, the primary impetus for running Boot Camp--to run games and other graphics intensive Windows apps--isn't a factor for MacBook, MacBook Air or Mac mini.

Making MacBook Air at home everywhere I go would require some additional purchases: A USB to Ethernet adapter to connect to hotels' in-room networks, a DVI to HDMI adapter so that I can use hotels' LCD TVs as eye-friendly monitors, and the external DVD drive, because I get CDs and DVDs, and burn them, everywhere I go. But all of these fit in a sandwich-sized baggie that stays behind in the office or hotel while I fly, attend meetings and sit in conference sessions. I can't strip these things out of a big notebook to lighten it up, and they are among the peripherals that fatten the case and make a large, heavy battery necessary.

You do have to weigh MacBook Air's $1,799 sticker price against the benefits of traveling very, very light. If you run to meetings now with a wheeled bag in your wake because your notebook and charger are too fat and heavy to sling over your shoulder, you need to make a change. If it's such a pain to extricate and pry open your big notebook just to make a note, check an appointment or send an e-mail that you sometimes just don't bother, you definitely need a smaller notebook. If you start shopping with MacBook Air, I'm afraid that touring PC alternatives will prove unfulfilling.

Apple Laptop


Along with the extended battery life comes an improved design for broadband wireless, called Ultra Connect II, so you can get a signal anywhere. Lenovo claims up to a 30 percent improvement above previous models. (And you thought that was just a regular, old antenna.)

Apple has released version 2.1.1 of Aperture with Mobile Me compatibility and a number of fixes.
“This update supports general compatibility issues, improves overall stability, and addresses a number of other minor issues,” the company said. “For more information, see Late-Breaking News in the Aperture Help menu.”
“The Aperture 2.1.1 update provides compatibility with Mobile Me and addresses issues
related to performance and overall stability of Aperture 2.”
Fixes affect several new features, the document continues, including:
• Auto-stacking
• Preview generation
• Adding keywords
• Comparing images
• Importing and exporting projects
• Crop HUD
• Histogram
• Highlights & Shadows controls
• Dodge & Burn plug-in
• Lift & Stamp HUD
• Exporting versions
• Sideshows
• Adjustments pane and Adjustments HUD
• Printing
• Book themes
• Help menu
The 49.3MB update is available via Software Update or directly from Apple.


If you frequently use the excuse “my battery died” to get out of working, don’t buy the new Lenovo ThinkPad X61 or X61s notebooks or the X61 Tablet. According to the company’s details on the three systems, the ThinkPad X61s will keep you up and running for more than 12 hours and the ThinkPad X61 and X61 Tablet will run approximately up to 11 and 10 hours respectively. Of course, this is with the combination of an eight-cell standard battery and optional extended life battery, but still, that’s a crazy amount ofproductivity from just two batteries.
Along with the extended battery life comes an improved design for broadband wireless, called Ultra Connect II, so you can get a signal anywhere. Lenovo claims up to a 30 percent improvement above previous models. (And you thought that was just a regular, old antenna.)

ASUS Laptop


Standing out a mile, however, is the installed nVidia GeForce Go 7300 graphics card, a previously unknown mobile option from the 3D specialist. Little is revealed about this mysterious offspring but Asus does let slip that it comes in either 128 or 256MB configurations, is DirectX 9.0 and Shader Model 3.0 compatible and uses nVidia’s PureVideo technology for smoother playback. Performance is ambiguously described as “increased by 41 per cent over previous graphic solutions” but compared to what exactly? I very much doubt it is going to outrun a Go 7800GTX.

In addition, the fact that it uses TurboCache suggests it will be more of a midrange offering but we’ll have to grab one by the throat and benchmark it within an inch of its life to know for sure. No pricing or release dates have been made available yet, but we’re curious to say the least…

Latest Laptop


Two treats for the price of one here folks, we’ve got the latest laptop from style gurus Asus and titbits on a new mobile nVidia 7 series graphics card before its official launch.
Funnily enough, this happens more than companies would like to admit: one launches a product not realising it has unannounced peripherals inside. That said, nVidia doesn’t seem to be on the warpath so something must have been agreed beforehand. Let’s start with the laptop and work our way down.

As always, it’s a bit of a looker – dubbed the A6Vm – it has a 15.4in WXGA screen yet weights only 2.8Kg. This can be backed up with an AMD Turion 64 or Pentium M 700 sequence processor, a maximum of 2GB of DDR2 533MHz RAM and a 100GB HDD. A swanky extra is the integrated 1.3 megapixel camera, with more standard stuff like Bluetooth, wireless g, and SPDIF output making up the numbers.

Friday, January 16, 2009

Into of new 13-inch macbOok


Square one: a solid block of aluminum.

Instead of assembling a notebook from many minor parts, the new MacBook was reinvented from just one: the new, solid-aluminum unibody enclosure. It gets full credit for making MacBook thinner, lighter, and even more stunning. But it’s not all beauty. Because of the unibody, this MacBook is also durable. It was designed to take on your world. So slip it into your backpack or briefcase and pull it out wherever you go — it’s impressive in any setting.

Even the keyboard is advanced.

The MacBook keyboard is solid, responsive, and comfortable. Just put your fingers on the crisp keys and you’ll feel pure typing bliss. An illuminated keyboard, a popular feature of MacBook Pro and MacBook Air, now comes standard on the 2.4GHz MacBook model. So when you’re in low-light settings such as airports or lecture halls, you can always see what you’re typing. It’s a luminous feature for anyone on the go.

Hey, where’s the button?

The amazing new trackpad doubles as a button — just press down anywhere and consider it clicked. No separate button means there’s 39 percent more room for your fingers to move on the silky glass surface. Now that Multi-Touch gestures have come to MacBook, all the function is in your fingers. Use two fingers to scroll up and down a page. Pinch to zoom in and out. Swipe with three fingers to flip through your photo libraries. Rotate to adjust an image with your fingertips. Using the new four-finger swipe gesture, swipe up or down to access Exposé modes and left or right to switch between open applications. If you’re coming from a right-click world, you can right-click with two fingers or configure a right-click area on the trackpad. The more you use the Multi-Touch trackpad, the more you’ll wonder what you ever did without it.

Mobility mastered.

802.11n wireless icon

Wherever you go, wireless capabilities go with you. With the latest 802.11n wireless technology built into MacBook, you’re always connected to the wireless world out there, at home, and at work.3 It’s seamless and effortless to connect to a Wi-Fi network and surf the web, send email, video chat, and more. With up to 5 hours of wireless productivity battery life, consider yourself a free agent.4 At home, stream music wirelessly from your couch. Rent movies wirelessly with iTunes. And print documents or photos from anywhere. For an instantly ideal workspace, connect your MacBook to the new Apple LED Cinema Display. MacBook also includes Bluetooth capabilities, so brilliant accessories such as the optional Apple Wireless Keyboard and wireless Mighty Mouse free your desk from cables and cords.

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Hot Desktops

Hot Laptops

Toshiba Satellite L355D S7809 17 Laptop - Tips for Saving Big Bucks


I am still shocked on how many great and rare stuff you can find on ebay. Though not that rare, last week I bought Toshiba Satellite L355D S7809 17 Laptop off of ebay for such a great price! Some advice for you online shoppers, if you have not checked out ebay yet then please do.

A rule of thumb here is always check ebay first. For instance when I bought the Toshiba Satellite L355D S7809 17 Laptop from ebay, i saved nearly 35% on the product compared to prices for it on other online stores. If you are interested in a Toshiba Satellite L355D S7809 17 Laptop then check the auctions I have left below. You will deffinetly get the best price on Toshiba Satellite L355D S7809 17 Laptop.

Click picture below to see great prices for Toshiba Satellite L355D S7809 17 Laptop on Ebay:More Information on Toshiba Satellite L355D S7809 17 Laptop:

If you are looking for a simple notebook with a large 17.1″ screen the Satellite L355D-S7809 notebook is the right choice for you. This notebook comes with a 17-inch diagonal WXGA+ TruBrite widescreen display that shows bright and crisp views from the DVD SuperMulti drive or shots taken from the Webcam. Also the wide keyboard makes room for a 10-keypad for easy data entry and a Touchpad to match. AMD Turion 64 X2 dual-core mobile technology delivers true multitasking capabilities, long battery life and compatibility with the latest wireless and graphics technologies. A powerful graphics card, large memory and hard drives offer speedy capacity and storage. Three USB connections are located on the side for convenient access to all your peripheral devices. Browse the Internet with wireless 802.11G at home or at your local hotspot for next generation networking connectivity. 17.1 diagonal WXGA+ (1440 x 900) TruBrite TFT LCD Display ATI Radeon X1250 128MB-831MB dynamically allocated shared Graphics Memory Built-in Webcam and microphone Labelflash DVD+-R/RW Super Multi Drive with Double Layer Atheros 802.11G Wireless 10/100 Ethernet LAN 5-in-1 Bridge Media Adapter - MMC, SD, MS, MS Pro, xD ExpressCard Slot 54/34 Slot 3 x USB 2.0, Headphone out; Microphone-in, VGA, RJ-11 (Modem), RJ-45 Approximate Unit Dimensions - 15.7(W) x 11.5(D) x 1.70(H) Approximate Unit Weight - 7.3 pounds

...

Laptop Repair and Notebook Repair Specialist


COMPONENT REPAIR

  • Motherboards
  • DC Regulator Boards
  • LCD Displays
  • Power Supplies
  • AC Input, USB Ports, Etc.
  • Inverters
  • Switches and Sensors

    PARTS REPLACEMENT

  • Boards - Motherboards, Video, DC, etc.
  • LCD Displays
  • F/L Inverters
  • Flex Cables
  • Processors and Memory
  • CMOS Batteries
  • CDRom, Floppy,
  • Hard Drives High replacement costs in computer market make evaluating repair an obvious choice over an assumed need for replacement. Although we are located in Miami, Florida, our Service is available to Clients nationwide.

    Whenever possible we try to repair a part before replacing it. The landed cost to you is much less than what a manufacturer charges for a replacement part.

    We encourage sending in your laptop to be repaired by our technicians rather than repairing it yourself. There is more than one solution to most symptoms (ie: Blank screen - Bad bulb, bad screen, bad motherboard, bad inverter).


    We perform most repairs down to component level. If a part cannot be repaired, we may use a new part or a pull from a unit we purchased as a "salvage unit", in order to save you money. Because of our expertise, we offer you a 3 month warranty on all of our repairs - More than most other companies in the business.

  • "Making Of" Story


    For many years an Atari 800 laptop was my "dream portable". Then after I built it I had no more worlds to conquer, so to speak. Well, I do, my custom pinball machine, but I digress. Anyway, earlier this year I had a request to build another Atari 800 laptop so I decided to have another whack at it. With less woodgrain this time, and hopefully some new features. I also wanted to redo the keyboard design.

    As with the previous laptop I began with an Atari XEGS, the GS meaning "Game System", or "Gone Soon" considering how they sold. Still, it's the last model Atari 800 class computer and thus has the smallest motherboard. Why exactly Atari thought a 1979 era computer, disgusted as a game system, could compete with the NES or the Master System is beyond me. Yes, I know the NES/Master System weren't exactly technological wonders but they easily beat the 800 for graphics, I'm sad to say.

    wiring.......


    Using Mr. Atari's MyIDE interface yet again (since it's awesome) I wired up the motherboard. Oh yes I guess I should explain what the MyIDE is. It's a custom OS ROM and some support circuitry that allows you to attach an IDE hard drive to an Atari computer and use it as a large, fast disk drive. CompactFlash works too since it's pin compatible with IDE. Check out his site! (opens in new window)

    Notice below how I kept things much flatter than before - it kind of pained me with the last laptop that in 2005 I was working with a lot of soldering I did in 2003, when I started the project. That's the one good thing about getting older, you only get better at [most] things.

    By using just the slot and not an adapter I made a much thinner card assembly. Don't drink too much caffeine when attempting soldering like this.


    This time I stuck in a cartridge slot, though it was kind of a pain to do and made me realize why I didn't the first time. I used, well, most of an IDE cable and wired it on the bottom of the motherboard. This is on the opposite side of the CompactFlash. The thinner the better.


    Since then I have also learned more about CompactFlash cards, specifically that the wire up just like an IDE hard drive. Thus, an "IDE to CompactFlash" adapter is pointless. So I wired everything directly to a CompactFlash slot, as shown below. Coincidently, this slot came off the TV I used for the last Atari laptop.

    Deta .....


    Here's the inside of the new style keyboard. The keys are all flat on the surface but unlike a membrane keyboard they actually push in and have a "click". Each key is a round piece with 2 layers, with a square hole in the second layer. This hole allows the small tact switch to fit inside and make the keyboard, yes here comes the word again, thinner.

    With the base electronics out of the way I started on the case. While this looks similar to the original laptop it's actually an all-new design. The thickness remains the same, one and a half inches.

    This time I stuck in a cartridge slot, though it was kind of a pain to do and made me realize why I didn't the first time. I used, well, most of an IDE cable and wired it on the bottom of the motherboard. This is on the opposite side of the CompactFlash. The thinner the better.

    KeyS


    Here's the hand wired back of the keyboard matrix. I did this faster than the first version, but it's still tricky. This is a good example of why my mods have a bit of cost to them. I also made the "auto cursor" disc again - you can press this in a direction to move the cursor around the screen. Typically in old computers, like the Atari, you had to press control+arrow keys to do this.

    Here's a close-up of the keys in the finished unit. They were laser engraved in a raster fashion, allowing fine detail. The built-in flat joypads were done in a similar manner, but a little more raised over the surface than the keys.

    Again, not as annoying to wire as it might look, but not exactly a picnic at a beer factory either.


    Here's the hand wired back of the keyboard matrix. I did this faster than the first version, but it's still tricky. This is a good example of why my mods have a bit of cost to them. I also made the "auto cursor" disc again - you can press this in a direction to move the cursor around the screen. Typically in old computers, like the Atari, you had to press control+arrow keys to do this.

    The Atari 800 XE Laptop: Round 2


    This unit uses the same type of screen as the original laptop, though Radio Shack stopped selling them and I had to find one off eBay. This time I used the hinge from the screen for the resulting laptop itself, though I wish I would have used 2 hinges instead of one.

    The next step is to start putting the electronics inside this case, which obviously warrants a second webpage...

    40 GB DELL Precision Laptop Hard drive M20, M40, M50, M60, M70 Notebook Hard drive



    £90.79 Inc VAT £78.95 Ex VAT
    Product Name: 40 GB DELL Precision Laptop Hard drive M20, M40, M50, M60, M70 Notebook Hard drive
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    Part Number: 40GB dell hard drive

    Description
    40 GB Laptop Hard drive DELL Precision Notebook Hard drive
    Dell Precision Hard Drive Precision:
    M20, M40, M50, M60, M70 series

    Includes 1 Year Warranty

    Latest 5400 RPM Model for Dell Laptops

    HOW LAPTOPS WORK

    Maybe you have been thinking about buying a computer, and it has occurred to you that you might want to buy a laptop version. After all, today's laptops have just as much computing power as desktops, without taking up as much space. You can take a laptop on the road with you to do your computing or make presentations. Perhaps you prefer comfortably working on your couch in front of the TV instead of sitting at a desk. Maybe a laptop is for you. In this edition of How Stuff Works, we will examine how these portable computers do the same work as larger computers, but in much smaller packages.

    A Brief History
    Alan Kay of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center originated the idea of a portable computer in the 1970s. Kay envisioned a notebook-sized, portable computer called the Dynabook that everyone could own, and that could handle all of the user's informational needs. Kay also envisioned the Dynabook with wireless network capabilities. Arguably, the first laptop computer was designed in 1979 by William Moggridge of Grid Systems Corp. It had 340 kilobytes of bubble memory, a die-cast magnesium case and a folding electroluminescent graphics display screen (click here for a picture). In 1983, Gavilan Computer produced a laptop computer with the following features (click here for picture):

    The Gavilan computer had a floppy drive that was not compatible with other computers, and it primarily used its own operating system. The company failed.

    In 1984, Apple Computer introduced its Apple IIc model (click here for picture). The Apple IIc was a notebook-sized computer, but not a true laptop. It had a 65C02 microprocessor,128 kilobytes of memory, an internal 5.25-inch floppy drive, two serial ports, a mouse port, modem card, external power supply, and a folding handle. The computer itself weighed about 10 to 12 lb (about 5 kg), but the monitor was heavier. The Apple IIc had a 9-inch monochrome monitor or an optional LCD panel. The combination computer/ LCD panel made it a genuinely portable computer, although you would have to set it up once you reached your destination. The Apple IIc was aimed at the home and educational markets, and was highly successful for about five years.

    Later, in 1986, IBM introduced its IBM PC Convertible. (click here for a picture.) Unlike the Apple IIc, the PC Convertible was a true laptop computer. Like the Gavilan computer, the PC Convertible used an 8088 microprocessor, but it had 256 kilobytes of memory, two 3.5-inch (8.9-cm) floppy drives, an LCD, parallel and serial printer ports and a space for an internal modem. It came with its own applications software (basic word processing, appointment calendar, telephone/address book, calculator), weighed 12 lbs (5.4 kg) and sold for $3,500. The PC Convertible was a success, and ushered in the laptop era. A bit later, Toshiba was successful with an IBM laptop clone.

    Since these early models, many manufacturers have introduced and improved laptop computers over the years. Today's laptops are much more sophisticated, lighter and closer to Kay's original vision. To learn more about "How They Work" click here.

    Anatomy of a Laptop Computer
    To illustrate the parts of a laptop computer, we will show you the inside of a Toshiba Satellite Pro laptop.

    Anatomy of a Laptop Computer

    To illustrate the parts of a laptop computer, we will show you the inside of a Toshiba Satellite Pro laptop.












    Schematic diagram showing the various parts of a laptop computer.


    Like all computers, laptops have a central brain called a microprocessor, which performs all of the operations of the computer.

    The microprocessor:

    • has a set of internal instructions stored in memory, and can access memory for its own use while working.
    • can receive instructions or data from you through a keyboard in combination with another device (mouse, touchpad, trackball, trackstick).
    • can receive and store data through several data storage devices (hard drive, floppy drive, Zip drive, CD/DVD drive).
    • can display data to you on computer monitors (cathode ray monitors, LCD displays).
    • can send data to printers, modems, networks and wireless networks through various input/output ports.
    • is powered by AC power and/or batteries.

    Tuesday, January 13, 2009

    Laptop


    A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small personal computer designed for mobile use. A laptop integrates all of the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a touchpad, also known as a trackpad, or a pointing stick) and a battery into a single portable unit. The rechargeable battery is charged from an AC/DC adapter and has enough capacity to power the laptop for several hours.

    A laptop is usually shaped like a large notebook with thickness of 0.7–1.5 inches (18–38 mm) and dimensions ranging from 10x8 inches (27x22cm, 13" display) to 15x11 inches (39x28cm, 17" display) and up. Modern laptops weigh 3 to 12 pounds (1.4 to 5.4 kg), and some older laptops were even heavier. Most laptops are designed in the flip form factor to protect the screen and the keyboard when closed.

    Originally considered "a small niche market"[1] and perceived as suitable for "specialized field applications" such as "the military, the Internal Revenue Service, accountants and sales representatives"[1][2], battery-powered portables had just 2% worldwide market share in 1986[3]. But today, there are already more laptops than desktops in the enterprise[4] and, according to a forecast by Intel, more laptops than desktops will be sold in the general PC market as soon as 2009[5].

    As the personal computer became feasible in the early 1970s, the idea of a portable personal computer followed; in particular, a "personal, portable information manipulator" was envisioned by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968[6] and described in his 1972 paper as the "Dynabook"[7].

    The first commercially available portable computer appeared nine years later, in 1981. The Osborne 1 weighed 23.5 pounds (10.7 kg). It had no battery, a tiny 5" CRT screen and dual 5¼" single-density floppy drives. In the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the Epson HX-20, was announced[8]. The Epson had a LCD screen, a rechargeable battery and a calculator-size printer in a 1.6 kg (4 pounds) enclosure.

    The first laptop using the clamshell design, utilized today by almost all laptops, appeared in 1982. The $8150 GRiD Compass 1100 was purchased by NASA and the military among others. The Gavilan SC, released in 1983, was the first notebook marketed using the term "laptop".

    From 1983 onwards:

    • Several new input methods were introduced: the touchpad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the pointing stick (IBM ThinkPad 700, 1992) and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top[9], 1987).
    • CPUs became designed specifically for laptops (Intel i386SL, 1990), targeting low power consumption, and were augmented with dynamic power management features (Intel SpeedStep and AMD PowerNow!).
    • Displays reached VGA resolution by 1988 (Compaq SLT 286) and 256-color screens by 1993 (PowerBook 165c), progressing quickly to millions of colors and high resolutions.
    • High-capacity hard drives and optical storage (CD-ROM followed by DVD) became available in laptops soon after their introduction to the desktops.

    Early laptops often had proprietary and incompatible architectures, operating systems and bundled applications.